焦点访谈丨“干渴”河湖“解渴”记
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焦点访谈丨“干渴”河湖“解渴”记
</p>
<p class="ql-align-justify">5月10日，习近平总书记在雄安新区考察调研期间，对白洋淀生态环境治理成效予以肯定。我们一般会把流经家乡的河流称作母亲河，把家乡的湖泊称作母亲湖，白洋淀就是冀中平原的母亲湖。</p>
<p class="ql-align-justify">过去，华北地区水资源严重短缺，河道断流、湖泊干涸、水生态、水环境问题十分突出。习近平总书记就华北地区地下水超采治理、复苏河湖生态环境等问题多次作出重要指示批示。近年来，有关部门开展了母亲河复苏行动，让河流、湖泊重现生机。</p>
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<p class="ql-align-justify">初夏时节的白洋淀一片生机勃勃。5月10日，习近平总书记在雄安新区考察调研时，对白洋淀生态环境治理成效予以了肯定。并且强调，白洋淀生态环境治理和保护，功在当代、利在千秋，必须统筹谋划，扎实推进。6年来，白洋淀作为冀中平原的一座母亲湖，水量更足了，水质更好，水生态环境也得到很大的改善。</p>
<p class="ql-align-justify">在20世纪80年代，白洋淀一度出现过干涸的情况。由于华北地区的水资源严重短缺，有关部门启动了为母亲河、母亲湖系统化的生态补水行动。</p>
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<p class="ql-align-justify"><strong>水利部水利水电规划设计总院高级工程师 陈飞</strong>：要实现华北地区母亲河复苏，关键是让河流有水，并且流动起来。那么水从哪儿来？一个是南水北调中线一期工程，途经多条母亲河，在保障生活生产供水的情况下，为母亲河实施生态补水。并且在丹江口水库汛前和汛期，利用富余的水量，相机增加生态补水量，引黄还有引滦以及上游水库的水源，为母亲河实施生态补水。</p>
<p class="ql-align-center"><div align="center"></div></p>
<p class="ql-align-justify">白洋淀承担着九条河流的洪水调蓄，九条河流汇入白洋淀，形成大小不一的湖泊。生态补水通过其中的河流，为白洋淀提供了优良水质的水源。可是过去，由于周边生产生活、农业养殖等影响，白洋淀水质、水生态环境也很差。雄安新区设立以来，在生态补水的基础上，加大了白洋淀水质、水生态环境的治理。</p>
<p class="ql-align-center"><div align="center"></div></p>
<p class="ql-align-justify">白洋淀周边以及湖心区有很多村庄，安新县马堡村就地处白洋淀的中心位置，过去靠水吃水，村民生活富裕，可是村内村外的环境却很差，污水直排、垃圾乱扔，是白洋淀水质污染的重要原因之一。</p>
<p class="ql-align-justify">为了改善白洋淀生态环境，有关部门采取了一系列生态保障措施，沿湖的生产生活废水，即使经过处理，也不再排入白洋淀。</p>
<p class="ql-align-center"><div align="center"></div></p>
<p class="ql-align-justify">几年来，马堡村的生态环境治理正在一步步推进。村里的垃圾集中处理，旱厕改成了水厕，污水经过小型污水处理设施的处理，不仅要实现农业生产再利用，还要借助白洋淀旅游资源，产生新的效益。</p>
<p class="ql-align-justify">五月的白洋淀，杨絮柳絮像雪花一样飘落。县城污水处理后排放的主河道中的水，同样要实现再利用，不再排入白洋淀。</p>
<p class="ql-align-center"><div align="center"></div></p>
<p class="ql-align-justify"><strong>安徽水韵环保股份有限公司河北雄安新区安新县项目负责人 陈超</strong>：水下是木桩搭的贝床。贝分为滤食性和刮食性，对水体里面浮游生物，尤其像菌藻类，水里面的COD（化学需氧量）、氨氮、总磷，具有一定的消解作用。这个技术理念称为贝鱼螺草菌藻，也就是常说的大鱼吃小鱼、小鱼吃虾米，形成闭环生物链，让水体自净能力提升，能稳定在三类到四类水。</p>
<p class="ql-align-justify">这个河道净化系统，有300多米长，旁边还有一个贝类的孵化系统，生长到一定程度，可以继续用在河道里，不断通过贝鱼螺草菌藻立体化的水下生态系统，增加河道里水体的净化能力。</p>
<p class="ql-align-center"><div align="center"></div></p>
<p class="ql-align-justify"><strong>河北雄安新区安新县委书记 刘彦涛</strong>：建设雄安新区，一定要把白洋淀修复好、保护好。原来治水一直在投入，现在我们通过引入产业化、市场化，引入产业运营，或种植水稻、藕经济类作物，或者养鱼、养虾，通过种植和养殖把它用起来。</p>
<p class="ql-align-justify">生态补水，为白洋淀持续不断地带来良好水质的水，经过治理的生产生活污水，在实现自循环净化后，用于农业生产和绿化，产生经济效益，这就使白洋淀水质明显得到提高和改善。</p>
<p class="ql-align-center"><div align="center"></div></p>
<p class="ql-align-justify">流入白洋淀的九条河流沿途流经不同的城市村庄，虽然生产生活用水都经过处理，但水质难以达到优良的标准。府河河口湿地就是在这样的情况下建立起来的，通过阶梯式的层层的生态净化，确保流入白洋淀的水质达到二到三类标准。与此同时，还丰富了白洋淀的生物多样性。</p>
<p class="ql-align-center"><div align="center"></div></p>
<p class="ql-align-justify"><strong>雄安集团生态建设公司水环境事业部高级业务主管 郝宇晨</strong>：我们选用的都是白洋淀的本地物种，眼子菜和菹草对水中的氮磷具有非常好的处理效果，动物可以通过进食在水中繁衍。另外，为动物产卵提供非常好的场所。矮生耐寒苦草冬季常绿，通过搭配和组合，能够最大化提高或者保证对入淀水质的净化效果。</p>
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<p class="ql-align-justify">随着水质变好，白洋淀的生物多样性也在不断地改变。水上、水面、水下，水生植物群落更加丰富立体，水上、水下的动物也更加多样。截至2022年年底，白洋淀的鸟类已经达到252种，比雄安新区成立前多了46种，其中一级保护鸟类就达到了11种。鱼类恢复到46种，增加了19种，包括水生植物、螺类、贝类等底栖生物种类，也都大幅度提高。</p>
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<p class="ql-align-justify"><strong>河北雄安新区安新县委书记 刘彦涛</strong>：水质越来越好，透明度越来越好。光合作用充分，植物的生长就健壮。比如鱼、虾、蟹，包括一些微生物，给它们提供了很好的环境，它们繁衍给鸟类又提供了食物，鸟类来的也多了。整个生物环境提升，造成了食物链的壮大，生物多样性的级别就越来越高，现在白洋淀已经成为非常鲜活的动植物基因库。</p>
<p class="ql-align-justify">水量充足，水质良好，水生态环境更良性，生物种群更具多样性。作为冀中平原的母亲湖，白洋淀正在重现光彩。</p>
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<p class="ql-align-justify"><strong>河北雄安新区管理委员会生态环境局局长 尹崧</strong>：习近平总书记考察雄安新区时强调，白洋淀生态环境治理和保护，功在当代、利在千秋，必须统筹谋划，扎实推进。我们一定努力打造城中有淀、淀为城用、相互协调、相得益彰、人与自然和谐共生的未来之城。</p>
<p class="ql-align-justify">离开了白洋淀，记者又来到河北省石家庄市。周日，阳光和煦，在郊外，很多家庭都会开着车，带着帐篷、饮食，去河边露营，感受这初夏的暖意。</p>
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<p class="ql-align-justify">河水清澈，两岸绿树成荫，微风徐徐，这是滹沱河现在的风景。可是从20世纪七八十年代开始，滹沱河出现了断流，只要上游水库不放水，河床就会暴露出来，变成另一番景象。</p>
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<p class="ql-align-justify"><strong>河北正定县城杨庄村村民 方三偷</strong>：刮风，起尘土、起沙尘暴，沙子打脸都疼，井里水位下降了，抽水费劲。</p>
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<p class="ql-align-justify"><strong>河北正定县城杨庄村村民 付振国</strong>：树都干死了，垃圾哪都是。</p>
<p class="ql-align-justify">不只是滹沱河。在华北地区，包括北三河、永定河、大清河、子牙河、漳卫河、诸河等河流水系，都不同程度出现了断流的情况。城市乡村的生产生活用水、流域内的水生态环境，都受到了很大的影响。母亲河正在人们的记忆中逐渐消失。</p>
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<p class="ql-align-justify"><strong>水利部水资源管理司副司长 杜丙照</strong>：母亲河与人民的繁衍生息密切相关，对地区的生态系统、经济社会发展、文明传承有着重要的支撑作用。实施母亲河复苏行动是实施国家江河战略的前提条件，也是推进生态文明建设的重要路径。</p>
<p class="ql-align-justify">长期的泥沙淤积、垃圾倾倒，已经分不清哪里是河道，哪里是边坡，加上河道干涸后一段时间的大量采砂，河道内已经是千疮百孔。要想让母亲河复苏，首先是河道空间的整治。让一条河流重新焕发生机，不仅要疏浚，还要恢复它原有的生态系统。</p>
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<p class="ql-align-justify">把河道修复好，把沙洲建设好，把两岸的生态系统重新建立起来。水利部门统一协调南水北调、引黄、引滦以及上游水库水资源，进行生态补水，实现多水源的统一调度，华北地区的母亲河在一条条复苏。</p>
<p class="ql-align-justify">滹沱河是流经石家庄市的母亲河，也是沿岸生产生活用水的发源地。有用水，就有废水的排放。在复苏母亲河的过程中，小的支流沟岔的入河口都建起了湿地，对流入滹沱河的污水处理厂出来的中水，进行二次净化，以确保滹沱河的水质安全。充足的水量、良好的水质、逐步恢复的水生态，让滹沱河重新焕发出一条母亲河该有的风貌。</p>
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<p class="ql-align-justify"><strong>水利部水资源管理司副司长 杜丙照</strong>：母亲河复苏行动关键要实行一河一策、一湖一策，要按照习近平总书记提出的节水优先、空间均衡、系统治理、两手发力的治水思路，统筹水资源、水生态、水环境治理，加快复苏河湖生态环境。</p>
<p class="ql-align-justify">近几年，随着母亲河复苏行动的实施，华北地区永定河、大运河、滹沱河等等河流都实现了全线贯通，流域内的生态环境得到很大改善，人们记忆中的母亲河，正在焕发出新的光彩。</p>
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<p class="ql-align-justify">母亲河与国家民族以及省市县沿河区域人民世代繁衍生息紧密相关，对所在流域的生态系统演变、经济社会发展、文化传承和民族象征起到重大作用。从各地的母亲河做起，开展母亲河复苏行动，让河流流动起来，把湖泊恢复起来，实现人水和谐共生，是生态文明建设的必然要求，也是功在当代、利在千秋的大事。</p>
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